Interplay between complements' relationships across consumption and production dimensions determines ecosystem complexity

Relationship in production	Relationship in consumption	Ecosystem complexity
Generic	Generic	Independent production. Joint consumption yields higher utility, but cross-ecosystem complements also add value.
Unique	Generic	Coordinated production or standardized modular system required. Joint consumption yields higher utility, but cross-ecosystem complements also add value.
Supermodular	Generic	Production interdependencies improve quality, availability, and cost. Joint consumption yields higher utility, but cross-ecosystem complements also add value.
Generic	Unique	Independent production with open standard adherence. Joint consumption yields higher utility than separate consumption.
Unique	Unique	Coordinated production improves quality, availability, and cost. Joint consumption yields higher utility than separate consumption.
Supermodular	Unique	Production interdependencies improve quality, availability, and cost. Joint consumption yields higher utility than separate consumption.
Generic	Supermodular	Independent production but scale effects improve quality, availability, and cost. Joint consumption has increasing returns.
Unique	Supermodular	Coordinated production improves quality, availability, and cost. Joint consumption has increasing returns.
Supermodular	Supermodular	Production interdependencies improve quality, availability, and cost. Joint consumption has increasing returns.